Recent study is the first attempt to identify infected dairy cattle with MYCOBACTERIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS which is done with John in test and PCR method in Tonekabon.PARATUBERCULOSIS is a chronic intestinal infection in ruminants and spread in different ways to environment. Milk is important source of bacteria. Also, due to the possible relationship between Johne's disease and Crohn's disease in humans, presence of bacteria in milk can be an important index to assess the spread of infection in animal and human. In this study, at first, 90 dairy cattle were tested by John in test and result were as follow, 3 positive cases, 23 suspected cases and 62 negative cases. Then the samples examined using nested PCR, then two pairs of primers were used to increase of desired pieces of 194 bp were used. The prevalence results were different in three verify regions and showed desired ranges between 4.2 and 7.7%. As a result, tests revealed that Johnin test doesn't have an ability to identify suspected cases, then it is necessary to use PCR techinique to identify the exact animal patient.

John’s disease, is an important disease in cattle which the causative agent is MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS. Economic losses, elimination of reactor cattle, high expenses of disease control and causing Crohn disease in human made the study of disease more important. Knowing the involved area, focal points of disease would be effective to prevent disease. There are several methods available to detect MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS including: culture of fecal samples, culture tissue samples from abattoir or serological testing. This study was conducted to detect MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS and regional distribution of Johne’s disease in Urmia. In this study, a total number of 400 cows between 6 months to 5 year of age were tested using culture of fecal samples. Samples were cultured on Middle brook medium and colonies were appeared after 8 weeks. According to morphological appearance of colonies, acid- fast staining, comparison of colony with reference strain and specificity of medium it was distinguished that the isolated bacterium is MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS. Out of 400 samples, culture results in 12% (n=48) were positive and others were negative.

MAP is the causative agent of PARATUBERCULOSIS and has also been implicated in the etiology of Crohn's Disease in humans. Therefore, the importance of studies on this subject increases as MAP causes many economic losses by causing disease in cattle and is important for public health. The aim of this paper was to map the global scientific landscape related to MAP research. The WOS database was queried for publications bearing the title "MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS" during January 2001-December 2021 employing the R bibliometrix program. A total of 1775 articles were reviewed in this bibliometric analysis. Notably, the majority of these articles originated from the USA (n = 536, 30.541%). The year 2013 emerged as the most productive year for publications. In terms of research fields, veterinary science (n = 730, 41.6%) was the leading research area. These studies were conducted by a diverse array of researchers, including veterinarians, physicians, and other experts working to define MAP. The sustained increase in the number of publications on PARATUBERCULOSIS underscores the ongoing global interest in this factor. The determination of effective control strategies for PARATUBERCULOSIS is important for the food sector and public health. Therefore, a research collaboration between countries should be established in this regard.

PARATUBERCULOSIS or Johne's disease is a chronic granulomatous disease of the small intestine that is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP.cies PARATUBERCULOSIS (MAP). The aim of this study was to determine the status of this disease in suspected animals and finally confirmation of isolates identity by molecular tests. For this purpose, 142 suspicious samples were cultured on plain and mycobactin J-supplemented Herrold's egg-yolk slants from Isfahan, Alborz, Tehran, North Khorasan, Khuzestan, Zanjan, Fars, Qazvin, Kerman and Golestan provinces. Forty seven isolates were obtained out of 142 suspicious samples. All specimens that were grown on mycobactin J-supplemented Herrold's egg-yolk slants were detected by Ziehl-Neelsen staining as acid Fast bacilia, and in 83 samples of the total, as well as mycobacterial strains, a 543 bp fragment was amplified using PCR-16s rRNA. Nested PCR was done on isolates and positive and negative controls. At the first stage, a 398 bp fragment was obtained by P90 and P91 primers, and in the next step, a 298 bp fragment was obtained using AV1 and AV2 primers, which indicates the presence of MYCOBACTERIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS in the samples. Based on this study, Nested-PCR is suggested as a suitable rapid diagnostic method for disease cases.

John’ s disease is a chronic intestinal infection which is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP.cies PARATUBERCULOSIS (Map) and imposes huge economic losses to farms. The aim of the present study was to detect infection by this bacterium in industrial farms of Hamedan. During the years 2015-2016, 150 fecal samples from apparently healthy and suspected cattle were collected and examined using direct microscopic and Nested-PCR assays. The results obtained from examination of fecal samples with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining showed that 8 samples (5. 33%) were infected with the causative agent of the disease. While, using Nested-PCR assay, 39 (30. 23%) and 9 (42. 86%) samples were found to be positive in apparently healthy (n=129) and suspected cattle (n=21), respectively. However, no significant difference was statistically observed between the numbers of positive cases in these two groups (P>0. 05). Thus, 48 (32%) out of 150 fecal samples were totally infected with M. AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS which relatively shows a high infection rate. Therefore, it is suggested to eliminate infected animals and take proper management and hygiene measures in order to control the infection and prevent its prevalence to other animals and herds. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report which confirms PARATUBERCULOSIS in industrial farms of Hamedan.

Background and Aims: MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. paratubercuiosis (MAP) is the causative agent of PARATUBERCULOSIS, also called as Johne's disease and is considered as the cause of irrecoverable economic losses in livestock industry. For the detection of the PARATUBERCULOSIS, indirect ELISA has been highly considered as a simple method with high sensitivity and specificity. Accordingly, this study aims at designing a system of indirect ELISA for the detection of PARATUBERCULOSIS.Materials and Methods: A total of 100 serum samples from 10 herds, in Tehran and Alborz provinces in 2015, in which PARATUBERCULOSIS has been proven by culture, were selected and surveyed using the standard kit and the internal system was designed according to the standard kit. To design ELISA system, by using secretory antigens and confirmed positive and negative serum samples were used and checkerboard titration was performed. To determine the cutoff point, the results of the commercial kit were used as gold standard.Results: According to the commercial ELISA kit results (15 positive samples and 85 negative samples), the best concentration of antigen and antibody dilution were evaluated as 1.2 μg and 1.100 per well, respectively. Furthermore, the cutoff point was determined as 0.44.The sensitivity and specificity were evaluated as 70% and 100%, respectively.Conclusions: Secreted antigens in M. AVIUM SUBSP. paratubercuiosis are sensitive to detect the infected animals but it is difficult to detect bacteria from feces in the early stages of disease. Therefore, by using indirect designed ELISA, it can be detected antibodies in the early stages of the disease.

Background and Objectives: PARATUBERCULOSIS (PTb) (John's disease) is an incurable chronic intestinal infection that mainly affects ruminants. PTb is caused by MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP.cies PARATUBERCULOSIS (MAP) with a global distribution. Despite evidences on MAP contribution in Crohn's disease its causal role is still a matter of controversy. In ruminant farming, vaccination is broadly accepted as an effective control measure of PTb. This article describes preparation and field trial of an inactivated PTb vaccine made from the MAP 316F strain. Materials and Methods: Formulation of the vaccine was conducted based on the method traditionally used in the UK. Identity of the MAP strain was authenticated by PCR-IS900 and PCR-F57 tests. In the field, a group of 100 lambs (3-8 weeks old) were subcutaneously inoculated with the vaccine preparation under study. These animals, pre-vaccination, were all PTb ELISA negative. Serum level of antibody was determined by ELISA on days 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240, postvaccination. Results: In PCR-900 and PCR-F57, the MAP 316F strain produced two fragments of 560 and 704 bp length respectively, a confirmation of its identity as MAP bacterium. In the field trial and at the arranged time intervals, the achieved blood serum levels of antibody, attributable to the vaccine formulation, displayed considerably high values. Conclusion: Given that the PTb-caused economical losses in the Iranian environment are dramatically high and also the fact that future of state policy on control of PTb remains unknown, we belive vaccination of animals is the best recommendable practice.

MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP.cies PARATUBERCULOSIS (MAP) is the cause of John’s disease also called PARATUBERCULOSIS. This is economically one of the important infectious diseases in cattle and ruminant husbandry. This disease is manifested as granulomatosis entrocolitis, lymphadenitis and inflammation local lymphatic vessels. The typical sign of this disease is progressive loss of weight. Considering the importance of detection of this disease in this study, two methods, culture and PCR, were used for the identification of this microorganism. In this study 100 milk samples from apparently healthy cows and 100 milk samples from cows that have been suspicious of John’s disease were taken from in Sarab, East Azarbaijan, Iran. Direct microscope observation after ziehl-neelsen staining was done. Then, bacterial culture on specific medium was carried out, and finally, identification of MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS was examined using PCR and specific primers. Using direct observation, culture and PCR analyses showed that from 100 healthy cow milk samples, 8, 9 and 12 samples were positive MAP for each method respectively. The results of direct observation, culture and PCR analysis on affected cows were 15, 40 and 44, respectively. The results of this study showed that culture and PCR analyses methods are important in the identification of the causes of this disease. Therefore, considering the frequency of the disease in the studied region, either of those methods can be used in the microorganism identification.

MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS is a remarkably slow-growing bacterium identified as the causative agent of Johne’s disease. This disease causes economic losses especially in dairy cattle breeding, all over the world. Considering the similar clinical and pathological symptoms of Crohn's disease and Johne's disease, it is probable that this bacterium plays a role in the occurrence and progression of Crohn's disease. Hence the potential transmission of MAP through milk has raised significant concerns. Examination of the apa gene sequence in the NCBI database indicates a substantial prevalence of cytosine and guanine nucleotides, signifying elevated GC content. This leads to the disruption of gene amplification throughout the PCR cycle. The abundance of GC-rich regions has caused various problems due to the formation of secondary structures, such as needle-like or ring-shaped topologies in DNA pattern. The aim of this study was the feasibility of enhancing a portion of the apa gene through the modification of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) concentration. A bioinformatics analysis utilizing CpG Plot and Mfold was performed to evaluate the GC content and probable secondary structures of the targeted region of the apa gene. According to the PCR design, the apa gene was amplified using 3μl of DMSO at an annealing temperature of 55 °C, without any unspecific bands. The results of this study demonstrated that apa gene amplification was unachievable without DMSO, and the application of this substance facilitated the gene's amplification.